Diabetic macular edema: a literature review
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Abstract
Diabetic Macular Edema is a major cause of visual impairment in economically active population, being responsible for a significant impact in quality of life in the affected population, as well as high costs to the health care system. Over decades, some studies have compared treatments using Laser, Anti-VEGF and intravitreous corticosteroids, establishing protocols to reach effectives therapies. Thus, it is essential an entire understanding of available therapies to reach the goal of disease control, in an individual basis and in a collective health care system, as efficient as possible.
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Risso, W. F., Pinheiro, M. R., Pereira, L. A., Abucham-Neto, J. Z. ., Veiga, G. L. da, Fonseca, F. L. A., & Lima, V. L. . (2020). Diabetic macular edema: a literature review. ABCS Health Sciences, 45(Suppl.3), e020108. https://doi.org/10.7322/abcshs.2020S08.1855
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2. Distefano LN, Garcia-Arumi J, Martinez-Castillo V, Boixadera A. Combination of Anti-VEGF and Laser Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema: a review. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:2407037.
http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2407037
3. Bandello F, Parodi MB, Lanzetta P, Loewenstein A, Massin P, Menchini F, et al. Diabetic Macular Edema. Dev Ophthalmol. 2017;58:102-38. http://doi.org/10.1159/000455277
4. Berco E, Rappoport D, Pollack A. Treatment options for Diabetic Macular Edema. Harefuah. 2017;156(2):109-13.
5. Scholz P, Altay L, Fauser S. A Review of Subthreshold Micropulse Laser for Treatment of Macular Disorders. Adv Ther. 2017;34(7):1528-55. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0559-y
6. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results from a Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1351-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.022
7. Cai S, Bressler NM. Aflibercept, bevacizumab or ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema: recent clinically relevant findings from DRCR.net Protocol T. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):636-43. http://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000424
8. Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation. Retina. 2010;30(6):908-16. http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c96986
9. Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo Jr LA, Dare A, Farah ME, Belfort Jr R. Randomized clinical trial evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(7):4314-23. http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6828
10. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, Berg K, Chakravarthy U, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(4):185-222. http://doi.org/10.1159/000458539
11. Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Gangnon R, Klein BE. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1859-68. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.08.023
12. Lorenzi M. The polyol pathway as a mechanism for diabetic retinopathy: attractive, elusive, and resilient. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:61038. http://doi.org/10.1155/2007/61038
13. Xu HZ, Song Z, Fu S, Zhu M, Le YZ. RPE barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy: seeing is believing. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2011;4(1-2):83-92. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9068-4
14. Shea AM, Curtis LH, Hammill BG, Kowalski JW, Ravelo A, Lee PP, et al. Resource use and costs associated with diabetic macular edema in elderly persons. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(12):1748-54. http://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.12.1748
15. Romero-Aroca P. Targeting the pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2484-5. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1580
16. Relhan N, Flynn HW Jr. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study historical review and relevance to today's management of diabetic macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(3):205-12. http://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000362
17. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(9):1677-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5
18. Rivellese M, George A, Sulkes D, Reichel E, Puliafito C. Optical coherence tomography after laser photocoagulation for clinically significant macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2000;31(3):192-7.
19. Cho YJ, Lee DH, Kim M. Optical coherence tomography findings predictive of response to treatment in diabetic macular edema. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(11):4455-64. http://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518798503
20. Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y. Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(6):688-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00033-1
21. Polito A, Del Borrello M, Isola M, Zemella N, Bandello F. Repeatability and reproducibility of fast macular thickness mapping with stratus optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(10):1330-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.10.1330
22. Ozdek SC, Erdinç MA, Gürelik G, Aydin B, Bahçeci U, Hasanreisoğlu B. Optical coherence tomographic assessment of diabetic macular edema: comparison with fluorescein angiographic and clinical findings. Ophthalmologica. 2005;219(2):86-92. http://doi.org/10.1159/000083266
23. Lee J, Moon BG, Cho AR, Yoon YH. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of DME and Its Association with Anti-VEGF Treatment Response. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2368-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.010
24. Diabetic retinopathy study. Report Number 6. Design, methods, and baseline results. Report Number 7. A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy. Prepared by the Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;21(1 Pt 2):1-226.
25. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Randomized trial evaluating short-term effects of intravitreal ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide on macular edema after focal/grid laser for diabetic macular edema in eyes also receiving panretinal photocoagulation. Retina. 2011;31(6):1009-27. http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318217d739
26. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Massin P, Schlingemann RO, et al. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615-25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.031
27. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, Boyer DS, Patel S, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):789-801. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.039
28. Michaelides M, Kaines A, Hamilton RD, Fraser-Bell S, Rajendram R, Quhill F, et al. A prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (BOLT study) 12-month data: report 2. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1078-86.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.045
29. Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, Bandello F, Maturi RK, Augustin AJ, et al. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1904-14. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.024
30. Yu AK, Merrill KD, Truong SN, Forward KM, Morse LS, Telander DG. The comparative histologic effects of subthreshold 532- and 810-nm diode micropulse laser on the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(3):2216-24. http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-11382
31. Wu Y, Ai P, Ai Z, Xu G. Subthreshold diode micropulse laser versus conventional laser photocoagulation monotherapy or combined with anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic macular edema: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;97:293-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.078
32. Otani T, Kishi S. A controlled study of vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134(2):214-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01548-9
2. Distefano LN, Garcia-Arumi J, Martinez-Castillo V, Boixadera A. Combination of Anti-VEGF and Laser Photocoagulation for Diabetic Macular Edema: a review. J Ophthalmol. 2017;2017:2407037.
http://doi.org/10.1155/2017/2407037
3. Bandello F, Parodi MB, Lanzetta P, Loewenstein A, Massin P, Menchini F, et al. Diabetic Macular Edema. Dev Ophthalmol. 2017;58:102-38. http://doi.org/10.1159/000455277
4. Berco E, Rappoport D, Pollack A. Treatment options for Diabetic Macular Edema. Harefuah. 2017;156(2):109-13.
5. Scholz P, Altay L, Fauser S. A Review of Subthreshold Micropulse Laser for Treatment of Macular Disorders. Adv Ther. 2017;34(7):1528-55. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12325-017-0559-y
6. Wells JA, Glassman AR, Ayala AR, Jampol LM, Bressler NM, Bressler SB, et al. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Aflibercept, Bevacizumab, or Ranibizumab for Diabetic Macular Edema: Two-Year Results from a Comparative Effectiveness Randomized Clinical Trial. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(6):1351-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.02.022
7. Cai S, Bressler NM. Aflibercept, bevacizumab or ranibizumab for diabetic macular oedema: recent clinically relevant findings from DRCR.net Protocol T. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(6):636-43. http://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000424
8. Vujosevic S, Bottega E, Casciano M, Pilotto E, Convento E, Midena E. Microperimetry and fundus autofluorescence in diabetic macular edema: subthreshold micropulse diode laser versus modified early treatment diabetic retinopathy study laser photocoagulation. Retina. 2010;30(6):908-16. http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e3181c96986
9. Lavinsky D, Cardillo JA, Melo Jr LA, Dare A, Farah ME, Belfort Jr R. Randomized clinical trial evaluating mETDRS versus normal or high-density micropulse photocoagulation for diabetic macular edema. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52(7):4314-23. http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.10-6828
10. Schmidt-Erfurth U, Garcia-Arumi J, Bandello F, Berg K, Chakravarthy U, Gerendas BS, et al. Guidelines for the Management of Diabetic Macular Edema by the European Society of Retina Specialists (EURETINA). Ophthalmologica. 2017;237(4):185-222. http://doi.org/10.1159/000458539
11. Klein R, Knudtson MD, Lee KE, Gangnon R, Klein BE. The Wisconsin Epidemiologic Study of Diabetic Retinopathy: XXII the twenty-five-year progression of retinopathy in persons with type 1 diabetes. Ophthalmology. 2008;115(11):1859-68. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.08.023
12. Lorenzi M. The polyol pathway as a mechanism for diabetic retinopathy: attractive, elusive, and resilient. Exp Diabetes Res. 2007;2007:61038. http://doi.org/10.1155/2007/61038
13. Xu HZ, Song Z, Fu S, Zhu M, Le YZ. RPE barrier breakdown in diabetic retinopathy: seeing is believing. J Ocul Biol Dis Infor. 2011;4(1-2):83-92. http://doi.org/10.1007/s12177-011-9068-4
14. Shea AM, Curtis LH, Hammill BG, Kowalski JW, Ravelo A, Lee PP, et al. Resource use and costs associated with diabetic macular edema in elderly persons. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126(12):1748-54. http://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.126.12.1748
15. Romero-Aroca P. Targeting the pathophysiology of diabetic macular edema. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(11):2484-5. http://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-1580
16. Relhan N, Flynn HW Jr. The Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study historical review and relevance to today's management of diabetic macular edema. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2017;28(3):205-12. http://doi.org/10.1097/ICU.0000000000000362
17. Wilkinson CP, Ferris FL, Klein RE, Lee PP, Agardh CD, Davis M, et al. Proposed international clinical diabetic retinopathy and diabetic macular edema disease severity scales. Ophthalmology. 2003;110(9):1677-82. http://doi.org/10.1016/S0161-6420(03)00475-5
18. Rivellese M, George A, Sulkes D, Reichel E, Puliafito C. Optical coherence tomography after laser photocoagulation for clinically significant macular edema. Ophthalmic Surg Lasers. 2000;31(3):192-7.
19. Cho YJ, Lee DH, Kim M. Optical coherence tomography findings predictive of response to treatment in diabetic macular edema. J Int Med Res. 2018;46(11):4455-64. http://doi.org/10.1177/0300060518798503
20. Otani T, Kishi S, Maruyama Y. Patterns of diabetic macular edema with optical coherence tomography. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999;127(6):688-93. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(99)00033-1
21. Polito A, Del Borrello M, Isola M, Zemella N, Bandello F. Repeatability and reproducibility of fast macular thickness mapping with stratus optical coherence tomography. Arch Ophthalmol. 2005;123(10):1330-7. http://doi.org/10.1001/archopht.123.10.1330
22. Ozdek SC, Erdinç MA, Gürelik G, Aydin B, Bahçeci U, Hasanreisoğlu B. Optical coherence tomographic assessment of diabetic macular edema: comparison with fluorescein angiographic and clinical findings. Ophthalmologica. 2005;219(2):86-92. http://doi.org/10.1159/000083266
23. Lee J, Moon BG, Cho AR, Yoon YH. Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography of DME and Its Association with Anti-VEGF Treatment Response. Ophthalmology. 2016;123(11):2368-75. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2016.07.010
24. Diabetic retinopathy study. Report Number 6. Design, methods, and baseline results. Report Number 7. A modification of the Airlie House classification of diabetic retinopathy. Prepared by the Diabetic Retinopathy. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1981;21(1 Pt 2):1-226.
25. Diabetic Retinopathy Clinical Research Network. Randomized trial evaluating short-term effects of intravitreal ranibizumab or triamcinolone acetonide on macular edema after focal/grid laser for diabetic macular edema in eyes also receiving panretinal photocoagulation. Retina. 2011;31(6):1009-27. http://doi.org/10.1097/IAE.0b013e318217d739
26. Mitchell P, Bandello F, Schmidt-Erfurth U, Lang GE, Massin P, Schlingemann RO, et al. The RESTORE study: ranibizumab monotherapy or combined with laser versus laser monotherapy for diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2011;118(4):615-25. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.01.031
27. Nguyen QD, Brown DM, Marcus DM, Boyer DS, Patel S, Feiner L, et al. Ranibizumab for diabetic macular edema: results from 2 phase III randomized trials: RISE and RIDE. Ophthalmology. 2012;119(4):789-801. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2011.12.039
28. Michaelides M, Kaines A, Hamilton RD, Fraser-Bell S, Rajendram R, Quhill F, et al. A prospective randomized trial of intravitreal bevacizumab or laser therapy in the management of diabetic macular edema (BOLT study) 12-month data: report 2. Ophthalmology. 2010;117(6):1078-86.e2. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.045
29. Boyer DS, Yoon YH, Belfort R Jr, Bandello F, Maturi RK, Augustin AJ, et al. Three-year, randomized, sham-controlled trial of dexamethasone intravitreal implant in patients with diabetic macular edema. Ophthalmology. 2014;121(10):1904-14. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.04.024
30. Yu AK, Merrill KD, Truong SN, Forward KM, Morse LS, Telander DG. The comparative histologic effects of subthreshold 532- and 810-nm diode micropulse laser on the retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54(3):2216-24. http://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.12-11382
31. Wu Y, Ai P, Ai Z, Xu G. Subthreshold diode micropulse laser versus conventional laser photocoagulation monotherapy or combined with anti-VEGF therapy for diabetic macular edema: A Bayesian network meta-analysis. Biomed Pharmacother. 2018;97:293-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2017.10.078
32. Otani T, Kishi S. A controlled study of vitrectomy for diabetic macular edema. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134(2):214-9. http://doi.org/10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01548-9