Effects of caloric restriction diet on endothelial function in obese adults
Main Article Content
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by excessive accumulation of fat in adipose tissue. Pathophysiological components due to excess of body fat, such as changes in the balance of adipokines, insulin resistance and increased inflammatory mediators, promote endothelial dysfunction and consequently higher risk of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular causes. On the other hand, energy reduced diet has been recommended as non-pharmacological measure for treatment of obesity. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to realize a literature review on the effects of energy reduced diet on endothelial function in obese adults. Twenty-six papers with descriptions energy reduced diet, calorie restriction and weight loss, combined with the terms vasodilatation and endothelium, published in Medline and Scielo electronic databases were evaluated. It was noted that energy reduced diet, when it results in weight loss, changes metabolic, inflammatory, hemodynamic and neurovascular parameters, with restoration of normal endothelial function in obese subjects. However, to achieve those benefits, the energy reduced diet should be individualized, balanced and with guidance and prescription of experts.
Downloads
Article Details
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) that allows others to share and adapt the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.References
Associação Brasileira para o Estudo da Obesidade e da Síndrome Metabólica. Diretrizes brasileiras de obesidade 2009/2010. 3. ed. Itapevi: AC Farmacêutica; 2009. p. 85.
Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Curtin LR. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2008. JAMA. 2010;303(3):235-41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.2014
Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Pesquisa de Orçamentos Familiares 2008-2009: antropometria e estado nutricional de crianças, adolescentes e adultos no Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: IBGE; 2010.
Coutinho T, Goel K, Corrêa de Sá D, Carter RE, Hodge DO, Kragelund C, et al. Combining body mass index with measures of central obesity in the assessment of mortality in subjects with coronary disease: role of “normal weight central obesity”. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(5):553-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.035
Shankar SS, Steinberg HO. Weight loss and vascular function: the good and the unknown. Hypertension. 2008;52(1):57-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.112441
Lerman A, Zeiher AM. Endothelial function: cardiac events. Circulation. 2005;111(3):363-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.0000153339.27064.14
Van Guilder GP, Stauffer BL, Greiner JJ, Desouza CA. Impaired endothelium-dependent vasodilation in overweight and obese adult humans is not limited to muscarinic receptor agonists. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2008;294(4):1685-92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpheart.01281.2007
Tonacio AC, Trombetta IC, Rondon MU, Batalha LT, Kuniyoshi FH, Laterza MC, et al. Effects of diet and exercise training on neurovascular control during mental stress in obese women. BrazJ Med Biol Res. 2006;39(1):53-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0100-879X2006000100006
Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, Halsey J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900.000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083-96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60318-4
Maeda S, Jesmin S, Iemitsu M, Otsuki T, Matsuo T, Ohkawara K, et al. Weight loss reduces plasma endothelin-1 concentration in obese men. Exp boil Med. 2006; 231(6):1044-47.
Raitakari M, Ilvonen T, Ahotupa M, Lehtimäki T, Harmoinen A, Suominen P, et al. Weight reduction with very-low-caloric diet and endothelial function in overweight adults: role of plasma glucose. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(1):124-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.ATV.0000109749.11042.7c
Morel O, Luca F, Grunebaum L, Jesel L, Meyer N, Desprez D, et al. Short-term very low-calorie diet in obese females improves the haemostatic balance through the reduction of leptin levels, PAI-1 concentrations and a diminished release of platelet and leukocytederived microparticles. Int J Obes (Lond). 2011;35(12):1479-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2011.19
Johnstone AM, Lobley GE, Horgan GW, Bremner DM, Fyfe CL, Morrice PC, et al. Effects of a high-protein, low-carbohydrate v. high-protein, moderate-carbohydrate weight-loss diet on antioxidant status, endothelial markers and plasma indices of the cardiometabolic profile. Br J Nutr. 2011;106(2):282-91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007114511000092
Capel F, Klimcáková E, Viguerie N, Roussel B, Vítková M , Kováciková M, et al. Macrophages and adipocytes in human obesity: adipose tissue gene expression and insulin sensitivity during calorie restriction and weight stabilization. Diabetes. 2009;58(7):1558-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2337/db09-0033
Mavri A, Poredoš P, Suran D, Gaborit B, Juhan-Vague I, Poredoš P. Effect of diet-induced weight loss on endothelial dysfunction: early improvement after the first week of dieting. Heart Vessels. 2011;26(1):31-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00380-010-0016-1
Pierce GL, Beske SD, Lawson BR, Southall KL, Benay FJ, Donato AJ, et al. Weight loss alone improves conduit and resistance artery endothelial function in young and older overweight/obese adults. Hypertension. 2008;52(1):72-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.108.111427
Borges RL, Ribeiro-Filho FF, Carvalho KMB, Zanella MT. Impacto da perda de peso nas adipocitocinas, na proteína C-Reativa e na sensibilidade à insulina em mulheres hipertensas com Oobesidade central. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2007;89(6):371-5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0066-782X2007001800010
Straznicky NE, Grima MT, Eikelis N, Nestel PJ, Dawood T, Schlaich MP, et al. The effects of weight loss versus weight loss maintenance on sympathetic nervous system activity and metabolic syndrome components. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011;96(3):E503-8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2010-2204
Wycherley TP, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Effect of caloric restriction with and without exercise training on oxidative stress and endothelial function in obese subjects with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008;10(11):1062-73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-1326.2008.00863.x
de la Sierra A, Larrousse M. Endothelial dysfunction is associated with increased levels of biomarkers in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens. 2010;24(6):373-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jhh.2009.91
Cabral MD, Teixeira PFS, Leite SP, Vaisman M. Marcadores de função endotelial no hipotireoidismo. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metab. 2009;53(3):303-09. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0004-27302009000300002
Bigornia SJ, Mott MM, Hess DT, Apovian CM, McDonnell ME, Duess MA, et al. Long-term successful weight loss improves vascular endothelial function in severely obese individuals. Obesity. 2010;18(4):754-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.482
Hirata Y, Nagata D, Suzuki E, Nishimatsu H, Suzuki J, Nagai R. Diagnosis and treatment of endothelial dysfunction in cardiovascular disease. Int Heart J. 2010;51(1):1-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1536/ihj.51.1
Varady KA, Bhutani S, Klempel MC, Phillips SA. Improvements in vascular health by a low-fat diet, but not a high-fat diet, are mediated by changes in adipocyte biology. Nutr J. 2011;10:8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1475-2891-10-8
Russo I, Traversa M, Bonomo K, De Salve A, Mattiello L, Del Mese P, et al. In central obesity, weight loss restores platelet sensitivity to nitric oxide and prostacyclin. Obesity . 2010;18(4):788-97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/oby.2009.302
Volek JS, Ballard KD, Silvestre R, Judelson DA, Quann EE, Forsythe CE, et al. Effects of dietary carbohydrate restriction versus low-fat diet on flow-mediated dilation. Metabolism. 2009;58(12):1769-77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2009.06.005
Angelico F, Loffredo L, Pignatelli P, Augelletti T, Carnevale R, Pacella A, et al. Weight loss is associated with improved endothelial dysfunction via NOX2-generated oxidative stress down-regulation in patients with the metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med. 2012;7(3):219-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11739-011-0591-x
Davis NJ, Crandall JP, Gajavelli S, Berman JW, Tomuta N, Wylie-Rosett J, et al. Differential effects of low-carbohydrate and lowfat diets on inflammation and endothelial function in diabetes. J Diabetes Complications. 2011;25(6):371-6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2011.08.001
Wycherley TP, Brinkworth GD, Keogh JB, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of weight loss with a very low carbohydrate and low fat diet on vascular function in overweight and obese patients. J Intern Med. 2010;267(5):452-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2796.2009.02174.x
Krysiak R, Handzlik-Orlik G, Okopien B. The role of adipokines in connective tissue diseases. Eur J Nutr. 2012;51(5):513-28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00394-012-0370-0
Cerqueira FM, Brandizzi LI, Cunha FM, Laurindo FR, Kowaltowski AJ. Serum from calorie-restricted rats activates vascular cell enos through enhanced insulin signaling mediated by adiponectin. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e31155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0031155
Schulte DM, Müller N, Neumann K, Oberhaüser F, Faust M, Güdelhöfer H, et al. Pro-inflammatory wnt5a and anti-inflammatory sfrp5 are differentially regulated by nutritional factors in obese human subjects. PLoS One. 2012;7(2):e32437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0032437
Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Buckley JD, Keogh JB, Clifton PM. Long-term effects of a very-low-carbohydrate weight loss diet compared with an isocaloric low-fat diet after 12 mo. Am J Clin Nutr. 2009;90(1):23-32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.2008.27326
Kopp HP, Krzyzanowska K, Möhlig M, Spranger J, Pfeiffer AFH, Schernthaner G. Effects of marked weight loss on plasma levels of adiponectin, markers of chronic subclinical inflammation and insulin resistance in morbidly obese women. Int J Obes. 2005;29(7):766-71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.ijo.0802983
De Keulenaer GW, Alexander RW, Ushio-Fukai M, Ishizaka N, Griendling KK. Tumour necrosis factor alpha activates a p22phoxbased NADH oxidase in vascular smooth muscle. Biochem J. 1998;329(Pt 3):653-7.
Ouchi N, Higuchi A, Ohashi K, Oshima Y, Gokce N, Shibata R, et al. Sfrp5 is an anti-inflammatory adipokine that modulates metabolic dysfunction in obesity. Science. 2010; 329(5990):454-7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1188280
McLaughlin T, Carter S, Lamendola C, Abbasi F, Yee G, Schaaf P, et al. Effects of moderate variations in macronutrient composition on weight loss and reduction in cardiovascular disease risk in obese, insulin-resistant adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84(4):813-21.
Keogh JB, Brinkworth GD, Noakes M, Belobrajdic DP, Buckley JD, Clifton PM. Effects of weight loss from a very-low-carbohydrate diet on endothelial function and markers of car diovascular disease risk in subjects with abdominal obesity. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87(3):567-76.
Hennig B, Toborek M, McClain CJ. High-energy diets, fatty acids and endothelial cell function: implications for atherosclerosis. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001;20(2 Suppl):97-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07315724.2001.10719021
National Heart Lung and Blood Institute [internet]. Clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults. Disponível em: <http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/ guidelines/obesity/ob_home.htm>. Acesso em: 08 ago 2013.