Study on awareness, knowledge, and practices towards antibiotic use among the educated and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan
Conteúdo do artigo principal
Resumo
Introduction: Antimicrobial resistance developed through the inadequate use of antibiotics; is an overriding task for global public health. Objective: To explore awareness, knowledge, and practices, and compare the elements associated with antibiotic misuse in different University students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan. Methods: Cross-sectional study was conducted from July to December 2020 using a validated questionnaire. Data were collected from eleven different university students and uneducated people of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Results: 3,600 questionnaires were completed, consisting of 56.9% Male and 43.0% Female. 1,999 (55.5%) of the antibiotic users reported through the survey used non-prescription antibiotics within a one-month study period. Out of the participants, 230 (6.3%) were uneducated or their education level was below matric rest were university students. 1999 (55.5%) reported buying Antibiotics with Medical Prescription. Most self-medicated participants (56.9%) stop taking antibiotics when they feel better. More than 90% of the respondents answered that doctors and pharmacist staff do not guide them well that how to use antibiotics. 2,171 (60.03%) respondents mistakenly believed that antibiotics improve restoration from coughs and colds. Only 720 (20%) respondents knew that antibiotics also disturb normal flora and 547 participants (15.9%) agree that unnecessary use of antibiotics causes bacterial resistance. Conclusion: Finding from this study may have important implications for public health policy in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan given the growing global resistance to antibiotics and the reported health issues related to their improper use.
Downloads
Detalhes do artigo
Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons CC BY que permite o compartilhamento e adaptação do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
Referências
Awad A, Eltayeb I, Matowe L, Thalib, L. Self-medication with antibiotics and antimalarials in the community of Khartoum State, Sudan. J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2005;(8):326-31.
World Health Organization (WHO). Guidelines for the regulatory assessment of medicinal products for use in self-medication. World Health Organization, 2000.
Wilson KH, Blitchington RB. Human colonic biota was studied by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(7):2273-8. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.7.2273-2278.1996
Bisognano C, Vaudaux PE, Lew DP, Ng E, Hooper DC. Increased expression of fibronectin-binding proteins by fluoroquinolone-resistant Staphylococcus aureus exposed to subinhibitory levels of ciprofloxacin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41(5):906-13. https://doi.org/10.1128/AAC.41.5.906
World Health Organization (WHO). The world health report. a safer future: global public health security in the 21st century. World Health Organization, 2007.
Cars O, Nordberg P. Antibiotic resistance-the faceless threat. Int J Risk Safety Med. 2005;(17):103-10.
Byarugaba DK. A view on antimicrobial resistance in developing countries and responsible risk factors. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2004;24(2):105-10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.02.015
Finch RG, Metlay JP, Davey PG, Baker LJ. International Forum on Antibiotic Resistance Colloquium. Educational interventions to improve antibiotic use in the community: report from the International Forum on Antibiotic Resistance (IFAR) colloquium, 2002. Lancet Infect Dis. 2004;4(1):44-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00860-0
Okeke IN, Klugman KP, Bhutta ZA, Duse AG, Jenkins P, O'Brien TF, et al. Antimicrobial resistance in developing countries Part II: strategies for containment. Lancet Infect Dis. 2005;5(9):568-80. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70217-6
Zafar SN, Syed R, Waqar S, Zubairi AJ, Vaqar T, Shaikh M, et al. Self-medication amongst university students of Karachi: prevalence, knowledge and attitudes. J Pak Med Assoc. 2008;58(4):214-7.
Emslie MJ, Bond CM. Public knowledge, attitudes and behaviour regarding antibiotics: asurvey of patients in general practice. Eur J Gen Pract. 2003;9(3):84-90. https://doi.org/10.3109/13814780309160410
Napolitano F, Izzo M.T, Di Giuseppe G, Angelillo IF. Public knowledge, attitudes, and experience regarding the use of antibiotics in Italy. PloS One. 2013;8(12):e84177. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0084177
Bretagne JF, Richard-Molard B, Honnorat C, Caekaert A, Barthelemy P. Gastroesophageal reflux in the French general population: national survey of 8000 adults. Presse Med. 2006;35(1 Pt 1):23-31. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0755-4982(06)74515-8
Samuel SS, Prakasam KCA, Nandhakumar N. Assessment of self-medication among patients attending community pharmacises in Erode, India. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(Suppl 4):258-62.
Núñez M, Tresierra-Ayala M, Gil-Olivares F. Antibiotic self-medication in University Students From Trujillo, Peru. Med Universitaria. 2016;18(73):205-9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rmu.2016.10.003
Buke AC, Ermertcan S, Hosgor-Limoncu M, Ciceklioglu M, Eren S. Rational antibiotic use and academic staff. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2003;21(1):63-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0924-8579(02)00272-8
Al Flaiti M, Al Badi K, Hakami WO, Khan SA.Evaluation of self-medication practices in acute diseases among university students in Oman. J Acute Dis. 2014;3(3):249-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2221-6189(14)60056-1
Damodar G.Assessment of self-medication practices among medical, pharmacy and nursing students at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Indian J Hosp Pharm. 2012;49:79-83.
Carey B, Cryan B. Antibiotic misuse in the community--a contributor to resistance? Ir Med J. 2003;96(2):43-4.
Liu YC, Huang WK, Huang TS, Kunin CM. Inappropriate use of antibiotics and the risk for delayed admission and masked diagnosis of infectious diseases: a lesson from Taiwan. Arch Internal Med. 2001;161(19):2366-70. https://doi.org/10.1001/archinte.161.19.2366
Sapkota AR, Coker ME, Goldstein RER, Atkinson NL, Sweet SJ, Sopeju PO, et al. Self-medication with antibiotics for the treatment of menstrual symptoms in southwest Nigeria: a cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2010;(10):610. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-10-610
Oh AL, Hassali MA, Al-Haddad MS, Sulaiman SAS, Shafie AA, Awaisu A. Public knowledge and attitudes towards antibiotic usage: a cross-sectional study among the general public in the state of Penang, Malaysia. J Infect Dev Ctries. 2011;5(5):338-47. https://doi.org/10.3855/jidc.1502
Isacson D, Bingefors K. Attitudes towards drugs-a survey in the general population. Pharm World Sci. 2002;24(3):104-10. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1016127320051
Wilson KH, Blitchington RB. Human colonic biota studied by ribosomal DNA sequence analysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1996;62(7):2273-8. https://doi.org/10.1128/aem.62.7.2273-2278.1996
Kumar S, Little P, Britten N. Why do general practitioners prescribe antibiotics for sore throat? BMJ. 2003;326(7381):138. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.326.7381.138